![]() Surya is prominently associated with the dawn goddess Ushas and sometimes, he is mentioned as her son or her husband. In some hymns, the word Surya simply means sun as an inanimate object, a stone or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63) while in others it refers to a personified deity. : 399–401 However, the usage is context specific. The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as the hymn 1.115 of the Rigveda, mention Sūrya with particular reverence for the "rising sun" and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good and all life. When there is night here, it is day on the other side, The Sun causes day and night on the earth, In certain aspects, Surya has tended to be merged with the prominent deities of Vishnu or Shiva, or seen as subsidiary to them. A number of important Surya temples remain, but most are no longer in worship. New Sun temples virtually ceased to be built, and some were later repurposed to a different deity. Having survived as a primary deity in Hinduism longer than any most of the original Vedic deities, the worship of Surya declined greatly around the 13th century, perhaps as a result of the Muslim destruction of Sun temples in North India. He is particularly venerated in the Saura tradition found in Indian states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. Major festivals and pilgrimages in reverence for Surya include Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Samba Dashami, Ratha Sapthami, Chath puja and Kumbh Mela. Surya or Ravi is the basis of Ravivara, or Sunday, in the Hindu calendar. Surya is the lord of Simha (Leo), one of the twelve constellations in the zodiac system of Hindu astrology. Surya is depicted with a Chakra, also interpreted as Dharmachakra. Surya was a primary deity in veneration by the characters of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, along with Shiva. In the Mahabharata and Ramayana, Surya is represented as the spiritual father of Lord Rama and Karna (protagonists of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, respectively). Surya as a deity is also found in the arts and literature of Buddhism and Jainism. In some ancient texts and art, Surya is presented syncretically with Indra, Ganesha, or others. During the medieval period, Surya was worshipped in tandem with Brahma during the day, Shiva at noon and Vishnu in the evening. The iconography of Surya is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by horses, often seven in number which represent the seven colours of visible light, and the seven days of the week. ![]() Other names of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara, Prabhakara, Kathiravan, and Vivasvan. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a means to realise Brahman. Surya ( / ˈ s uː r j ə/ Sanskrit: सूर्य, IAST: Sūrya) is the sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism.
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